古文赏析（二五）一一《六国论》
<!----><style type="text/css">html{font-size:375%}</style><link href="https://pic.app.jiuquhe.com/static/publish/css/style.css?v=1605251010499" rel="stylesheet" position="1" data-qf-origin="/static/publish/css/style.css?v=1605251010499"><!-- 付费贴--> <div class="preview_article "> <!----> <p></p><p style="font-weight: 400;">古文赏析（二五） 一一《六国论》 </p><p style="font-weight: 400;"> </p><p style="font-weight: 400;"> 罗允琪\整理、推介</p><p style="font-weight: 400;"> </p><p style="font-weight: 400;">小序：古文（散文）写景、叙事、议论，言简意赅，富于哲理，与诗词皆为国粹精华。《昭明文选》与《古文观止》均是系统译介古代散文的范本，为古今学习古文的必备。当代《中华活页文选》曾系列翻译、评介，以飨广大读者。余亦选择推介历来脍炙人口之精典传世之作，系列分享爱好国粹古文者。</p><p> </p><p> 六国论 </p><p> （宋）苏洵</p><p>原文：</p><p> 尝读六国《世家》，窃怪天下之诸侯，以五倍之地，十倍之众，发愤西向，以攻山西千里之秦，而不免于死亡。常为之深思远虑，以为必有可以自安之计，盖未尝不咎其当时之士虑患之疏，而见利之浅，且不知天下之势也。</p><p> 夫秦之所以与诸侯争天下者，不在齐、楚、燕、赵也，而在韩、魏之郊；诸侯之所与秦争天下者，不在齐、楚、燕、赵也，而在韩、魏之野。秦之有韩、魏，譬如人之有腹心之疾也。韩、魏塞秦之冲，而弊山东之诸侯，故夫天下之所重者，莫如韩、魏也。昔者范雎用于秦而收韩，商鞅用于秦而收魏，昭王未得韩、魏之心，而出兵以攻齐之刚、寿，而范雎以为忧。然则秦之所忌者可以见矣。</p><p> 秦之用兵于燕、赵，秦之危事也。越韩过魏，而攻人之国都，燕、赵拒之于前，而韩、魏乘之于后，此危道也。而秦之攻燕、赵，未尝有韩、魏之忧，则韩、魏之附秦故也。夫韩、魏诸侯之障，而使秦人得出入于其间，此岂知天下之势邪！委区区之韩、魏，以当强虎狼之秦，彼安得不折而入于秦哉？韩、魏折而入于秦，然后秦人得通其兵于东诸侯，而使天下偏受其祸。</p><p> 夫韩、魏不能独当秦，而天下之诸侯，藉之以蔽其西，故莫如厚韩亲魏以摈秦。秦人不敢逾韩、魏以窥齐、楚、燕、赵之国，而齐、楚、燕、赵之国，因得以自完于其间矣。以四无事之国，佐当寇之韩、魏，使韩、魏无东顾之忧，而为天下出身以当秦兵；以二国委秦，而四国休息于内，以阴助其急，若此，可以应夫无穷，彼秦者将何为哉！不知出此，而乃贪疆埸尺寸之利，背盟败约，以自相屠灭，秦兵未出，而天下诸侯已自困矣。至于秦人得伺其隙以取其国，可不悲哉！</p><p></p><p>译文：</p><p> 六国的灭亡，不是因为他们的武器不锋利，仗打得不好，弊端在于用土地来贿赂秦国。拿土地贿赂秦国亏损了自己的力量，（这就）是灭亡的原因。有人问：“六国一个接一个地灭亡，难道全部是因为贿赂秦国吗？”回答说：“不贿赂秦国的，因为有贿赂秦国的国家而灭亡。原因是不贿赂秦国的国家失掉了强有力的外援，不能独自保全。所以说：弊病在于贿赂秦国。</p><p> 秦国除了用战争夺取土地以外，还收到诸侯的贿赂，小的就获得邑镇，大的就获得城池。比较秦国受贿赂所得到的土地与战胜别国所得到的土地，（前者）实际多百倍。六国诸侯（贿赂秦国）所丧失的土地与战败所丧失的土地相比，实际也要多百倍。那么秦国最想要的，与六国诸侯最担心的，本来就不在于战争。想到他们的祖辈和父辈，冒着寒霜雨露，披荆斩棘，才有了很少的一点土地。子孙对那些土地却不很爱惜，全都拿来送给别人，就像扔掉小草一样不珍惜。今天割掉五座城，明天割掉十座城，这才能睡一夜安稳觉。明天起床一看四周边境，秦国的军队又来了。既然这样，那么诸侯的土地有限，强暴的秦国的欲望永远不会满足，诸侯送给秦越多，秦侵犯六国就越急迫。所以用不着战争，谁强谁弱，谁胜谁负就已经决定了。以至于到了覆灭的地步，道理本来就是这样子的。古人说：“用土地侍奉秦国，就好像抱柴救火，柴不烧完，火就不会灭。”这话说得很正确。</p><p> 齐国并没有贿赂秦国，可是终于也随着五国灭亡了，为什么呢？是因为齐国跟秦国交好而不帮助其他五国。五国已经灭亡了，齐国也就没法幸免了。燕国和赵国的国君，起初有长远的谋略，能够守住他们的国土，坚持正义，不贿赂秦国。所以燕虽然是个小国，最后才灭亡，这就是用兵抗秦的效果。等到后来燕太子丹用派遣荆轲刺杀秦王作对付秦国的计策，这才招致了灭亡的祸患。赵国曾经与秦国交战五次，打了两次败仗，三次胜仗。后来秦国两次攻打赵国。赵国大将李牧接连打退秦国的进攻。等到李牧因受诬陷而被杀死，赵国都城邯郸变成秦国的一个郡，可惜赵国用武力抗秦而没能坚持到底。而且燕赵两国正处在秦国把其他国家快要消灭干净的时候，可以说它们的智谋和力量都很单薄，战败了而亡国，确实是不得已的事。假使韩、魏、楚三国都爱惜他们的国土，齐国不依附秦国。燕国的刺客不去刺秦王，赵国的良将李牧还活着，那么胜败的命运，存亡的理数，倘若与秦国相较量，也许还不容易判断出高低来呢。</p><p> 唉！如果六国诸侯用贿赂秦国的土地来封给天下的谋臣，用侍奉秦国的心来礼遇天下的奇才，齐心合力地向西对付秦国，那么，我恐怕秦国人饭都不能咽下去。真可悲叹啊！有这样的有利形势，却被秦国积久的威势所胁迫，天天割地，月月割地，以至于走向灭亡。治理国家的人不要被积久的威势所胁迫啊！</p><p> 六国和秦国都是诸侯之国，六国单个的势力虽然比秦国弱，可是还有可以用不赂秦的手段战胜秦国的形式。假如我们凭仗着这样大的国家，而采取下策重蹈六国灭亡的老路，这就是又在六国之下了。</p><p> </p><p>赏析： </p><p> 六国被秦国灭亡的教训，是许多文史家关注的话题。仅“三苏”就每人写了一篇《六国论》苏轼的《六国论》，针对六国久存而秦速亡的对比分析，突出强调了“士”的作用。苏轼认为，六国诸侯卿相皆争养士，是久存的原因。只要把那些“士”养起来，老百姓想造反也找不到带头人了，国家就可以安定了苏辙的《六国论》则是针对六国不免于灭亡的史实，指出他们相继灭亡的原因是不能团结一致，共同抗战，灭国是咎由自取；苏洵的《六国论》不同于以上两篇。苏洵不是就事论事，而是借题发挥。苏洵的写作目的不在于总结六国灭亡的教训，而在于警告宋朝统治者勿蹈六国灭亡的覆辙。借古喻今，以谈论历史供当今统治者借鉴，这是苏洵高出其二子的地方。从历史情况看，六国灭亡的原因并不是“赂秦”。六国的失败，主要是政治上保守，因循守旧，不重视改革，不能坚持“合纵”政策去对付秦国的“连横”政策，被秦国远交近攻的手段各个击破。另一方面，秦孝公任用商鞅变法，使秦国国力大增，具备了统一中国的实力。加上战国长期的战乱，民不聊生，由分裂到统一，符合人们的愿望。秦国统一中国，是历史发展的必然趋势。苏洵对此并非不知，他在文中也承认这一点：“以赂秦之地封天下之谋臣；以事秦之心礼天下之奇才，并力西向，则吾恐秦人食之不得下咽也。”然而作者用意不在此，他的意图是点明赂秦是六国灭亡的原因，以此警告宋朝统治者，不要用贿赂的方法对待契丹和西夏，要用武力，要抵抗。则吾恐秦人食之不得下咽也。”然而作者用意不在此，他的意图是点明赂秦是六国灭亡的原因，以此警告宋朝统治者，不要用贿赂的方法对待契丹和西夏，要用武力，要抵抗。明代何仲默说过：“老泉论六国赂秦，其实借论宋赂契丹之事，而卒以此亡，可谓深谋先见之识矣。”宋朝建国后，宋太祖片面地接受唐朝藩镇割据，尾大不掉，以至灭亡的教训，采取了“虚外实内”的政策，削弱边关的实力，调集重兵驻守京城。结果造成了边关的空虚。辽国乘虚而入，屡犯边疆。宋太宗继位后，曾两次派兵击辽，均遭失败。后宋太宗两次进攻幽州，企图夺回幽云十六州，又遭败绩。真宗景德元年（1004年），辽大兵压境，直逼澶州城下（今河南濮阳），威胁汴京开封。于是，宋与辽签定了“澶渊之盟”，答应向辽输岁币银十万两，绢二十万匹。到了仁宗庆历二年（1042年），辽再次要挟，宋只得增加币银十万两，绢十万匹。第二年（1043年），西夏也来要，又是赐岁币银十万两，绢十万匹，茶三万斤。人民的血汗就在这种纳赐之中，付之东流。苏洵对此痛心疾首，他借古喻今，纵恣肆，痛陈利弊，对当权者进行规劝，希望其改弦易辙，增强国力，与敌斗争。苏洵的议论虽不无可商榷处，但总的立论是正确的，并且不幸为苏洵所言中：就在苏洵死后六十年，终于发生了“靖康之变”（1126年），北宋重蹈了六国的覆辙，为后起的金所灭，徽、钦二帝被俘，客死异国他乡。《六国论》除去在立论上具有借题发挥、借古喻今的写作特点外，在论证的严密性、语言的生动性上也堪称典范。</p><p> 第一段的逻辑性是非常严密的。作者开篇亮出观点：“六国破灭，非兵不利，战不善，弊在赂秦。”开宗明义，直截了当，使读者一眼就抓住了论者的中心。然后，作者解释论点：“赂秦而力亏，破灭之道也。”这就指出了贿赂的危害，言简意赅，要言不烦。再后，作者设问：“六国互丧，率赂秦耶?”答曰：“不赂者以赂者丧。盖失强援，不能独完。”这就使得文章逻辑严密，无懈可击。最后一句总结全段：“故曰弊在赂秦也。”这一段起到了“纲”的作用。</p><p> 二、三两段实际上是围绕第一段展开的。本文的语言生动有力。议论性的句子简捷有力，叙述性的句子生动感人。比如：“思厥先祖父，暴霜露，斩荆棘，以有尺寸之地。子孙视之不甚惜，举以予人，如弃草芥。今日割五城，明日割十城，然后得一夕安寝。起视四境，而秦兵又至矣。”这些叙述语言本身带有主观感情，还有描述的特点。作者还运用引用、对比、比喻等手法，使语言灵活多样，增强了表达效果。本文的句式也整饬有度，特别是四字句占了一定比例，读起来铿锵有力，掷地有声，富有节奏感。文章史实论据典型、充分，分析、对比、比喻等论证具有很强的说服力。</p><p> </p><p>作者简介：</p><p>苏洵（公元1009年5月22日—1066年5月21日），字明允，号老泉，汉族，眉州眉山（今属四川眉山人）。北宋文学家，与其子苏轼、苏辙合称“三苏”，均被列入“唐宋八大家”。至和、嘉祐间，与二子轼、辙同至京师。欧阳修上其所著《衡论》《权书》等二十二篇，士大夫争传之。宰相韩琦奏于朝，除秘书省校书郎。与陈州项城令姚辟同修建隆以来礼书，为《太常因革礼》一百卷。书成而卒，年五十八岁。苏洵长于散文，尤擅政论，议论明畅，笔势雄健，著有《嘉祐集》二十卷，及《谥法》三卷，均《宋史本传》并传于世。</p><p> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://pic.app.jiuquhe.com/forum/20220726105817front2_0_268763_FpYQxdDfuWrH3D-BfexhfjT7r5wi.jpg?watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" alt="" width="1280" height="1368" data-qf-origin="forum/20220726105817front2_0_268763_FpYQxdDfuWrH3D-BfexhfjT7r5wi.jpg?watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" data-qf-thumb="https://pic.app.jiuquhe.com/forum/20220726105817front2_0_268763_FpYQxdDfuWrH3D-BfexhfjT7r5wi.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1080|watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" data-qf-thumb-origin="forum/20220726105817front2_0_268763_FpYQxdDfuWrH3D-BfexhfjT7r5wi.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1080|watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" /></p><p class="">古文推介者：（一）</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://pic.app.jiuquhe.com/forum/20220726105820front2_0_268763_FoW6QuphuM6pgviuGk8_zBbTsZtF.jpg?watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" alt="" width="4160" height="3120" data-qf-origin="forum/20220726105820front2_0_268763_FoW6QuphuM6pgviuGk8_zBbTsZtF.jpg?watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" data-qf-thumb="https://pic.app.jiuquhe.com/forum/20220726105820front2_0_268763_FoW6QuphuM6pgviuGk8_zBbTsZtF.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1080|watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" data-qf-thumb-origin="forum/20220726105820front2_0_268763_FoW6QuphuM6pgviuGk8_zBbTsZtF.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1080|watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" /></p><p class="">（二）</p><p class=""> </p><p class="">四川省眉山市“三苏祠＂组照</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://pic.app.jiuquhe.com/forum/20220726105818front2_0_268763_Fo7gPB2BGpbkNMiVj0uTXk7B6IKj.jpg?watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" alt="" width="4160" height="3120" data-qf-origin="forum/20220726105818front2_0_268763_Fo7gPB2BGpbkNMiVj0uTXk7B6IKj.jpg?watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" 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data-qf-thumb-origin="forum/20220726105959front2_0_268763_Fhb_PuZtVcOa-PXd0ZAd5MpKbYdi.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1080|watermark/1/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuaml1cXVoZS5jb20vd2F0ZXJfaW1nXzIwMjAxMjA3XzQzOC5qcGc=/dissolve/100/gravity/SouthWest" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p class=""> </p><p class=""> 2022.7.27.</p> <!----></div> 〈六国论）意在不要屈服于外侮，而要奋起抗敌。 意在讽谏宋王朝 以六国破灭为鉴戒 赞一个嘛
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